格式合同条款不可避免地带有偏袒倾向,为了平衡双方利益,合同当事人通常在格式合同条款后附加上各类“附加条款”(RIDER CLAUSE),这些附加条款的平衡程度完全取决于谈判双方的地位与谈判技巧。
常见的承租人附加条款有:
1) FOB买方要求出租人对提单记载负责条款
出租人提单下的责任由相关的提单法律所管辖。如《海牙维斯比规则》规定提单在托运人手上时仅为“初步证据”,到了善意第三方手上,提单上的记载则成为“绝对证据”(CONCLUSIVE EVIDENCE),这样提单记载对出租人具有绝对约束力。但是租约提单对
承租人而言,只是货物收据,不具有运输合同证明的功能,这意味着承租人无法获得《海牙维斯比规则》的保护。于是承租人便在租约中追加条款来保护自己。这种条款常这么规定:
“THE OWRS OF THE VSL ARE TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DELIVERY OF SAME NUMBER OF PARCELS OR QUANTITY OF GOODS AS SHOWN IN THE B/L WHICH SHOULD BE TREATED AS CONCLUSIVE EVIDENCE。”
2) 要求出租人无单放货
在短航次中出现无单放货的频率是很高的,承租人为了在卸港提货时免生枝节,在订约时就在合同中加上一附加条款,明确要求出租人同意这一做法,到时船东便无话可说,也没有理由再刁难或敲诈。
该条款可写成:
“THE OWRS AGREE TO RELEASE THE WHOLE CGO TO THE RECEIVERS AT THE DISCHG PORT AGAINST CHTRS’LOI ONLY ON OWR’S P&I CLUB’S WORDING IN CASE THE UNAVALABILITY OF THE ORIGINAL B/L.”
还有一种对承租人更有利的写法,只有在对承租人十分有利的情况下才能争取到.措辞是:
“SHOULD THE ORIGINAL B/L NOT AVAILABLE OF VSL AT THE DISCHG PORTS,IT IS AT THE DISCRETION OF OWRS TO RELEASE THE CGO AGAINST THE CHTRS’ LOI AT OWRS’ P&I CLUB’S WORDING WITHOUT ANY BANK ENDORSEMENT.IN CASE THE OWRS SELECT TO WAIT FOR THE PRESENTATION OF THE ORIGINAL B/L BEFORE DISCHG THE CGO ,TIME SO LOST SHALL NOT COUNT AS LAYTIME, NOR FOR DETENTION.”
3)要求出租人凭保函交换提单
在转口贸易中,第一套提单往往要经过一段时间才能流转到中间人手上,在承租人要求出租人签发交换提单时,原提单尚未到达手中,无法实现交换,为避免出租人在没有收到第一套提单而拒绝签发交换提单,承租人便在合同中规定相应条款.要注意这类条款对出租人而言风险极大,他有可能成为贸易欺诈的帮凶,因而一定要审慎行事,一般只有在对租船人信用有足够把握时才能答应.
条款可写成:
“THE OWRS AGREE,AT THE REQUEST OF THE CHTRS, TO SWITCH THE B/L AGAINST CHTRS’LOI IN OWRS’P&I CLUB’S WORDING IN CASE THE FIRST SET OF B/L IS NOT AVAILABLE AT THAT TIME.THE CHTRS GUARANTEE THAT THE FIRST SET OF B/L WILL BE RETURNED TO OWRS WHEN AVAILABLE.”
4)要求出租人保证提单清洁
当承租人为卖方时,他最关心的是提单的清洁性,如果不能取得清洁提单,他将无法结汇,为了避免此种情况的发生,顺利结汇,他会利用掌握租船权的便利与船东争取这样一个条款,让出租人保证装船的货物表面状态良好,并签发清洁提单.这种条款写法如下:
“MASTER HAS THE OBLIGATION TO REJECT ANY CGO THAT WOULD LEAD TO THE REMARKING OF M/R OR B/L.”或者写成:“THE MASTER MUST ENSURE THAT NO CGO SHALL BE ALLOWED TO LOAD ON BOARD WHICH WL PREVENT CLEAN B/L TO BE ISSUED AFTERWARDS。FAILING WHICH,THE OWRS SHALL BE FULLY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CONSEQUENCE。“
还有更隐蔽的写法:
“IF B/L MARKED “FREIGHT PREPAID”, FRT SHOULD BE REMITTED IN 3BANKDAYS AFTER SIGNING/RELEASING "CLEAN ON BOARD"B/L.”这种做法实际上是公然以签发清洁提单作为付运费的前提,对出租人是很不利的。
5)要求出租人执行“中途停运“指令
中途停运(STOPPAGE IN TRANSIT)是法律赋予卖方的一种权利。它是指货物在运输途中,当发现买方无力支付或者表示将不履行支付义务时,卖方可以要求承运人中止运输并重新占有货物的权利。卖方的中途停运权源自于买卖合同,当发现买方无力支付货款时,如货物已在运输途中,它有权要求承运人不向买方交付货物,以保护卖方的利益。
卖方行使中途停运权应当满足以下条件:一,货物在运输途中,卖方对货物失去实际占有;二,买方没有支付货款,而且可能无支付能力或明确表明不履行支付义务;三,货物仍由承运人掌管,未被收货人实际占有;四,停运指令必须是可合理执行的,中途停运不得影响承运人正常营运,不得使同一航次其他货物利益方的利益受损;五,指令人需保证由于执行中途停运所导致的承运人损失予以赔偿。缺少上述条件之一,承运人都可拒绝执行。
在CIF或CFR下的承租人在租约中常加入这样的文字来约束出租人听从指挥:
“THE CHTRS SHALL HAVE THE RIGHT TO ORDER THE SLOWING DOWN,OR HOLDING BACK OF THE LADEN VOYAGE AND/OR LATE TENDERING OF NOR TO THE SHIPPERS/RECEIVERS。
常见的承租人附加条款有:
1) FOB买方要求出租人对提单记载负责条款
出租人提单下的责任由相关的提单法律所管辖。如《海牙维斯比规则》规定提单在托运人手上时仅为“初步证据”,到了善意第三方手上,提单上的记载则成为“绝对证据”(CONCLUSIVE EVIDENCE),这样提单记载对出租人具有绝对约束力。但是租约提单对
承租人而言,只是货物收据,不具有运输合同证明的功能,这意味着承租人无法获得《海牙维斯比规则》的保护。于是承租人便在租约中追加条款来保护自己。这种条款常这么规定:
“THE OWRS OF THE VSL ARE TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DELIVERY OF SAME NUMBER OF PARCELS OR QUANTITY OF GOODS AS SHOWN IN THE B/L WHICH SHOULD BE TREATED AS CONCLUSIVE EVIDENCE。”
2) 要求出租人无单放货
在短航次中出现无单放货的频率是很高的,承租人为了在卸港提货时免生枝节,在订约时就在合同中加上一附加条款,明确要求出租人同意这一做法,到时船东便无话可说,也没有理由再刁难或敲诈。
该条款可写成:
“THE OWRS AGREE TO RELEASE THE WHOLE CGO TO THE RECEIVERS AT THE DISCHG PORT AGAINST CHTRS’LOI ONLY ON OWR’S P&I CLUB’S WORDING IN CASE THE UNAVALABILITY OF THE ORIGINAL B/L.”
还有一种对承租人更有利的写法,只有在对承租人十分有利的情况下才能争取到.措辞是:
“SHOULD THE ORIGINAL B/L NOT AVAILABLE OF VSL AT THE DISCHG PORTS,IT IS AT THE DISCRETION OF OWRS TO RELEASE THE CGO AGAINST THE CHTRS’ LOI AT OWRS’ P&I CLUB’S WORDING WITHOUT ANY BANK ENDORSEMENT.IN CASE THE OWRS SELECT TO WAIT FOR THE PRESENTATION OF THE ORIGINAL B/L BEFORE DISCHG THE CGO ,TIME SO LOST SHALL NOT COUNT AS LAYTIME, NOR FOR DETENTION.”
3)要求出租人凭保函交换提单
在转口贸易中,第一套提单往往要经过一段时间才能流转到中间人手上,在承租人要求出租人签发交换提单时,原提单尚未到达手中,无法实现交换,为避免出租人在没有收到第一套提单而拒绝签发交换提单,承租人便在合同中规定相应条款.要注意这类条款对出租人而言风险极大,他有可能成为贸易欺诈的帮凶,因而一定要审慎行事,一般只有在对租船人信用有足够把握时才能答应.
条款可写成:
“THE OWRS AGREE,AT THE REQUEST OF THE CHTRS, TO SWITCH THE B/L AGAINST CHTRS’LOI IN OWRS’P&I CLUB’S WORDING IN CASE THE FIRST SET OF B/L IS NOT AVAILABLE AT THAT TIME.THE CHTRS GUARANTEE THAT THE FIRST SET OF B/L WILL BE RETURNED TO OWRS WHEN AVAILABLE.”
4)要求出租人保证提单清洁
当承租人为卖方时,他最关心的是提单的清洁性,如果不能取得清洁提单,他将无法结汇,为了避免此种情况的发生,顺利结汇,他会利用掌握租船权的便利与船东争取这样一个条款,让出租人保证装船的货物表面状态良好,并签发清洁提单.这种条款写法如下:
“MASTER HAS THE OBLIGATION TO REJECT ANY CGO THAT WOULD LEAD TO THE REMARKING OF M/R OR B/L.”或者写成:“THE MASTER MUST ENSURE THAT NO CGO SHALL BE ALLOWED TO LOAD ON BOARD WHICH WL PREVENT CLEAN B/L TO BE ISSUED AFTERWARDS。FAILING WHICH,THE OWRS SHALL BE FULLY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CONSEQUENCE。“
还有更隐蔽的写法:
“IF B/L MARKED “FREIGHT PREPAID”, FRT SHOULD BE REMITTED IN 3BANKDAYS AFTER SIGNING/RELEASING "CLEAN ON BOARD"B/L.”这种做法实际上是公然以签发清洁提单作为付运费的前提,对出租人是很不利的。
5)要求出租人执行“中途停运“指令
中途停运(STOPPAGE IN TRANSIT)是法律赋予卖方的一种权利。它是指货物在运输途中,当发现买方无力支付或者表示将不履行支付义务时,卖方可以要求承运人中止运输并重新占有货物的权利。卖方的中途停运权源自于买卖合同,当发现买方无力支付货款时,如货物已在运输途中,它有权要求承运人不向买方交付货物,以保护卖方的利益。
卖方行使中途停运权应当满足以下条件:一,货物在运输途中,卖方对货物失去实际占有;二,买方没有支付货款,而且可能无支付能力或明确表明不履行支付义务;三,货物仍由承运人掌管,未被收货人实际占有;四,停运指令必须是可合理执行的,中途停运不得影响承运人正常营运,不得使同一航次其他货物利益方的利益受损;五,指令人需保证由于执行中途停运所导致的承运人损失予以赔偿。缺少上述条件之一,承运人都可拒绝执行。
在CIF或CFR下的承租人在租约中常加入这样的文字来约束出租人听从指挥:
“THE CHTRS SHALL HAVE THE RIGHT TO ORDER THE SLOWING DOWN,OR HOLDING BACK OF THE LADEN VOYAGE AND/OR LATE TENDERING OF NOR TO THE SHIPPERS/RECEIVERS。
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